PUpxPUvx

Tree for pre-VP parenthetical PP, anchored by commas or dashes -

(514)0(514

(515)

John , in a fit of anger , broke the vase  (515)0(515

(516)

Mary , just within the last year , has totalled two cars 

These are clearly not NP modifiers. Figures 24.4 and 24.5 show this tree alone and as part of the parse for ((515)).

{The $\beta$PUpxPUvx tree, anchored by commas

 

{Tree illustrating the use of $\beta$PUpxPUvx